Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tear
What Does Irreparability Mean? When the tendon(s) of the rotator cuff are torn, the associated muscles undergo degeneration (aging). This results in muscle atrophy (shrinkage) and fatty infiltration. These degenerative changes occur independently of inactivity or a high-fat diet and can even affect very slim individuals. In a healthy state, the tendon and muscle form […]
Proximal Humerus Fracture
What is a proximal humerus fracture? The proximal humerus (the upper arm bone near the shoulder joint) is one of the most commonly fractured bones, especially in older patients. However, it can also occur in younger patients due to severe accidents involving significant force. In medical terminology, these fractures are collectively referred to as proximal humerus […]
Shoulder Instability
Why is the shoulder commonly affected by instability? The shoulder joint is the most mobile joint in the human body. Its bony socket, called the glenoid, is approximately four times smaller than the bony head, the humeral head, leading to a significant mismatch. To compensate for this, nature has equipped the shoulder with a labrum, […]
Frozen Shoulder
What is a Frozen Shoulder? Frozen Shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, is a condition where the shoulder joint capsule becomes thickened, inflamed, and stiff, leading to significant limitations in mobility and often causing severe pain. What causes a Frozen Shoulder? The causes of Frozen Shoulder can be divided into three main categories: 1. Idiopathic […]
AC Joint Injury (Acromioclavicular Injury / Shoulder Separation)
What is an AC Joint Injury? The AC joint (acromioclavicular joint) is the connection between the collarbone (clavicle) and the shoulder blade (acromion = roof of the scapula). This joint is stabilized by ligaments: • The AC ligaments directly around the joint. • The coracoclavicular (CC) ligaments, which connect the clavicle to the coracoid process […]
Tennis Elbow and Golfer’s Elbow
What are Tennis Elbow and Golfer’s Elbow? Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) and golfer’s elbow (medial epicondylitis) are caused by overuse, improper loading, or wear and tear of the tendons at the elbow. These conditions result in small degenerative tears in the tendon origin areas: • Tennis Elbow: affects the tendon attachments on the outer epicondyle […]
Scientific Exchange at Singapore General Hospital
On January 13 and 14, 2025, Priv.-Doz. Dr. Florian Grubhofer, together with his mentor, Prof. Jon J.P. Warner (Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital), visited Singapore General Hospital.